Symbols and Abbreviations |
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phonetic transcription |
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phonemic transcription |
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:
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(following a vowel) shows that a vowel is long, e.g. a:va:z 'sound'. In certain cases we have also used - above a vowel to indicate vowel length, e.g. na:n |
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'
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(following a consonant) shows palatalization of a consonant, e.g., t'ol 'jealousy', kh'an 'food' |
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(below a consonant) shows retroflexion, e.g., po:t 'fine silk thread' |
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adj.
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adjective |
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adv.
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adverb |
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conj.
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conjunction |
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emph.
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emphatic |
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f.
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feminine |
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hon.
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honorific |
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indef.
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indefinite |
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inf.
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infinitive |
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int.
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intransitive |
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inter.
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interrogative |
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m.
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masculine |
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n.
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noun |
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plu.
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plural |
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pro.
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pronoun |
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sing.
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singular |
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v.
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verb |
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HJ
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Hobson-Jobson, A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, H. Yule and A.C. Burnell, London, 1886, reprinted 1968. |
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RGK
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A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri, Braj B. Kachru, Urbana, 1969. |
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© 2000 Braj B. Kachru. All Rights Reserved